Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) are mental health conditions characterized by recurring, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and/or ritualized behaviors (compulsions).
Those affected usually experience these thoughts as distressing, exaggerated, or unreasonable, yet feel internally driven to perform certain actions in order to reduce anxiety or tension.
The disorder can be highly burdensome and significantly impact daily life, work, and relationships. Early treatment significantly improves the prognosis.
Symptoms
Obsessions:
Recurrent, intrusive thoughts or images
Fear of contamination or infection
Checking or doubt-related thoughts
Aggressive or sexual thoughts (unwanted and distressing)
Compulsions:
Excessive washing or cleaning
Checking (e.g., doors, stove)
Counting, arranging, or repeating certain rituals
Mental rituals (e.g., repeated internal praying or neutralizing)
Rituals usually serve short-term anxiety reduction but reinforce the obsessive-compulsive cycle in the long term.
Types
Washing and cleaning compulsions
Checking compulsions
Ordering and symmetry compulsions
Obsessions without visible rituals
Mixed forms
The exact manifestation varies individually.
Causes
The development is multifactorial:
Neurobiological factors (changes in specific brain networks)
Genetic predisposition
Learning experiences
Increased sense of responsibility or perfectionism
Stress and distressing life events
In most cases, several factors interact.